World Health Organization. What research is important to prepare and respond to H5N1 influenza outbreaks. WHO; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2025/03/19/default-calendar/what-research-is-important-to-prepare-and-respond-to-h5n1-influenza-outbreaks.
Baharlouei P, Rahman A. Chitin and chitosan: prospective biomedical applications in drug delivery, cancer treatment and wound healing. Mar Drugs. 2022;20:460.
Yanat M, Betemariam G, Workneh TS. Preparation methods and applications of chitosan nanoparticles: a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;178:350–69.
Shan S, Poinern E, Ellis T, Fanwick S, Le X, Edward J, et al. Development of a nano vaccine against wild bird H6N2 avian influenza virus. Procedia Vaccinol. 2010;2:40–43.
Zaharoff DA, Rogers CJ, Hance KW, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Chitosan solution enhances the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF. Vaccine. 2007;25:8673–86.
Gong X, Gao Y, Shu J, Zhang C, Zhao K. Chitosan-based nanomaterial as immune adjuvant and delivery carrier for vaccines. Vaccines. 2022;10:1906.
Le VH, Mai TT, Vo TPK, Nguyen AD. Chitosan as a hopeful adjuvant for H5N1 influenza vaccine. J Chitin Chitosan. 2008;13:6–8.
Roberts GAF, Domszy JG. Determination of the viscometric constants for chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol. 1982;4:374–7.
La TKN, Wang SL, Dinh H, Phung ML, Nguyen TV, Nguyen AD. Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by spray drying and their antibacterial activity. Res Chem Intermed. 2014;40:3887–3900.
Bashir SM, Rather GA, Patrício A, Haq Z, Sheikh AA, Shah MZH, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles: a versatile platform for biomedical applications. Materials. 2022;15:6521.
Wei Y, Wang P, Xu J. Influence of processing conditions on size, shape and surface morphology of spray-dried chitosan–TPP particles. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1155.
Milenkova S, Ambrus R, Mukhtar M, Pilicheva B, Marudova M. Spray-dried chitosan hydrogel particles as a potential delivery system for benzydamine hydrochloride. Gels. 2024;10:189.
Malamatari M, Charisi A, Malamataris S, Kachrimanis K, Nikolakakis I. Spray drying for the preparation of nanoparticle-based formulations: review and practical considerations. Processes. 2020;8:788.
Nguyen VN, Wang SL, Nguyen TH, Nguyen VB, Doan MD, Nguyen AD. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/starch nanocomposites loaded with ampicillin to enhance antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Polymers. 2024;16:2647.
de la Paz N, Fernández M, López O, Garcia C, Nogueira A, Torres L, et al. Spray drying of chitosan acid salts: process development, scaling up and physicochemical material characterization. Mar Drugs. 2021;19:329.
Salama AH, Salama AAA, Elhabak M. Single-step nanospray drying preparation technique of drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2021;602:120604.
Zhang Z, Liu Q, Hu J, Wu T. Preparation and properties of chitosan-based release microspheres by spray drying. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:787–95.
Cheng KC, Hu CC, Li CY, Li SC, Cai ZW, Wei Y, et al. Theophylline-loaded pectin/chitosan hydrochloride submicron particles prepared by spray drying with a continuous feeding ultrasonic atomizer. Polymers. 2022;14:4538.
Nguyen TV, Nguyen TTH, Wang SL, Vo TPK, Nguyen AD. Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by TPP ionic gelation combined with spray drying and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan nanoparticle–amoxicillin complex. Res Chem Intermed. 2017;43:3527–37.
Demir GM, Degim IT. Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by nano spray drying: effects of solution concentration and process parameters on particle characteristics. FABAD J Pharm Sci. 2013;38:127–33.
Weng J, Durand A, Desobry S. Chitosan-based particulate carriers: structure, production and controlled release. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:1455.
Tao Y, Zhang HL, Hu YM, Wan S, Su ZQ. Preparation of chitosan and water-soluble chitosan microspheres via spray drying to lower blood lipids in rats fed with high-fat diets. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:4174–84.
Rungrojcharoenkit K, Sunintaboon P, Ellison D, Macareo L, Midoeng P, Chaisuwirat P. Development of an adjuvanted nanoparticle vaccine against influenza virus: an in vitro study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0237218.
Nguyen AD, Nguyen TNH, Dang THV, Nguyen TLP, Nguyen TNQ, Dinh MH, et al. Chitosan nanoparticle as a novel delivery system for A/H1N1 influenza vaccine: safety and immunogenicity in mice. WASET Int J Biotechnol Bioeng. 2011;5:915–22.
Bugybayeva D, Dumkliang E, Patil V, Yadagiri G, Suresh R, Singh M, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of surface-coated versus encapsulated influenza antigens in mannose–chitosan nanoparticle-based intranasal vaccine in swine. Vaccines. 2024;12:647.
Wang J, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Shi J, Wong DWC, Cheung JCW. Advancements in nanoparticle-based adjuvants for enhanced tuberculosis vaccination: a review. Vaccines. 2024;12:1335.
Zhao T, Li Q, Zhang Y. Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:237.
Jiang Y, Wang X, Liu C. Polysaccharide nanoparticles as potential immune adjuvants. Mater Sci Eng C. 2025;149:115472.
Ou BS, Baillet J, Filsinger Interrante MV, Adamska JZ, Zhou X, Saouaf OM, et al. Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating toll-like receptor agonists for enhanced immunogenicity. Sci Adv. 2024;10:eadn7187.
Amaral R, Concha T, Vítor J, Almeida AJ, Calado C, Gonçalves LM. Chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced immune response and delivery of multi-epitope Helicobacter pylori vaccines in a BALB/c mouse model. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17:132.
Santos Junior SRD, Barbalho FV, Nosanchuk JD, Amaral AC, Taborda CP. Biodistribution and adjuvant effect of an intranasal vaccine based on chitosan nanoparticles against paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi. 2023;9:245.
Gonciarz W, Balcerczak E, Brzeziński M, Jeleń A, Pietrzyk-Brzezińska AJ, Narayanan VHB, et al. Chitosan-based formulations for therapeutic applications: a recent overview. J Biomed Sci. 2025;32:62.
Frigaard J, Jensen JL, Galtung HK, Hiorth M. The potential of chitosan in nanomedicine: an overview of the cytotoxicity of chitosan-based nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:880377.