Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:343–53.
Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Morin S, Randolph HE, Labrecque M, Bélair J, Lima-Barbosa R, et al. Sustained IFN signaling is associated with delayed development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. Nat Commun. 2024;15:4177.
Bahojb Mahdavi SZ, Jebelli A, Aghbash PS, Baradaran B, Amini M, Oroojalian F, et al. A comprehensive overview on the crosstalk between microRNAs and viral pathogenesis and infection. Med Res Rev. 2025;45:349–425.
Bernier A, Sagan SM. The Diverse Roles of microRNAs at the Host–Virus Interface. Viruses. 2018;10:440.
Hu S, Hu Z, Qin J, Lin C, Jiang X. In silico analysis identifies neuropilin-1 as a potential therapeutic target for SARS-Cov-2 infected lung cancer patients. Aging. 2021;13:15770–84.
Sievers BL, Cheng MTK, Csiba K, Meng B, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity: the good, the bad, and the “goldilocks. Cell Mol Immunol. 2024;21:171–83.
Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med. 2020;26:681–7.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271–280.e8.
Diallo I, Jacob RA, Vion E, Kozak RA, Mossman K, Provost P. Altered microRNA Transcriptome in Cultured Human Airway Cells upon Infection with SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2023;15:496.
Hejenkowska ED, Mitash N, Donovan JE, Chandra A, Bertrand C, De Santi C, et al. TGF-β1 Inhibition of ACE2 Mediated by miRNA Uncovers Novel Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. J Innate Immun. 2023;15:629–46.
Lim SA, Ho N, Chen S, Chung EJ. Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Anti-Viral Nanomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024;13:2304186.
Mimmi S, Zimbo AM, Rotundo S, Cione E, Nisticò N, Aloisio A, et al. SARS CoV-2 spike protein-guided exosome isolation facilitates detection of potential miRNA biomarkers in COVID-19 infections. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023;61:1518–24.
Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Song J, Qian W, Gu X, Yang C, et al. SARS-CoV-2-Encoded MiRNAs Inhibit Host Type I Interferon Pathway and Mediate Allelic Differential Expression of Susceptible Gene. Front Immunol. 2021;12:767726.
Singh M, Chazal M, Quarato P, Bourdon L, Malabat C, Vallet T, et al. A virus-derived microRNA targets immune response genes during SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO Rep. 2022;23:e54341.
Srivastava R, Daulatabad SV, Srivastava M, Janga SC. Role of SARS-CoV-2 in Altering the RNA-Binding Protein and miRNA-Directed Post-Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:7090.
Rad S, Wannigama DL, Hirankarn N, McLellan AD. The impact of non-synonymous mutations on miRNA binding sites within the SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 and NSP4 genes. Sci Rep. 2023;13:16945.
Askari N, Hadizadeh M, Rashidifar M. A new insight into sex-specific non-coding RNAs and networks in response to SARS-CoV-2. Infect Genet Evol. 2022;97:105195.
Bertolazzi G, Cipollina C, Benos PV, Tumminello M, Coronnello C. miR-1207-5p Can Contribute to Dysregulation of Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 via Targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:586592 p.
Movassagh M, Morton SU, Hehnly C, Smith J, Doan TT, Irizarry R, et al. mirTarRnaSeq: An R/Bioconductor Statistical Package for miRNA-mRNA Target Identification and Interaction Analysis. BMC Genomics. 2022;23:439.
Gedikbasi A, Adas G, Isiksacan N, Kart Yasar K, Canbolat Unlu E, Yilmaz R, et al. The Effect of Host miRNAs on Prognosis in COVID-19: miRNA-155 May Promote Severity via Targeting Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (SOCS1) Gene. Genes. 2022;13:1146.
Soltani-Zangbar MS, Hajivalili M, Daneshdoust D, Ghadir S, Savari G, Zolfaghari M, et al. SARS-CoV2 infection induce miR-155 expression and skewed Th17/Treg balance by changing SOCS1 level: A clinical study. Cytokine. 2023;169:156248.
Aboulela A, Taha M, Ghazal A, Baess A, Elsheredy A. Alternations in miR-155 and miR-200 serum levels can serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 in the post-mass vaccination era. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51:689.
Gronau L, Duecker RP, Jerkic SP, Eickmeier O, Trischler J, Chiocchetti AG, et al. Dual Role of microRNA-146a in Experimental Inflammation in Human Pulmonary Epithelial and Immune Cells and Expression in Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:7686.
Zheng Q, Wang D, Lin R, Lv Q, Wang W. IFI44 is an immune evasion biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 and Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients with RA. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1013322.
Garcia-Giralt N, Du J, Marin-Corral J, Bódalo-Torruella M, Blasco-Hernando F, Muñoz-Bermúdez R, et al. Circulating microRNA profiling is altered in the acute respiratory distress syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep. 2022;12:6929.
Drury RE, Camara S, Chelysheva I, Bibi S, Sanders K, Felle S, et al. Multi-omics analysis reveals COVID-19 vaccine induced attenuation of inflammatory responses during breakthrough disease. Nat Commun. 2024;15:3402.
Hassan NE, Moselhy WA, Eldomany EB, Kholef EFM. Evaluation of miRNA-16–2-3P, miRNA-618 levels and their diagnostic and prognostic value in the regulation of immune response during SARS Cov-2 infection. Immunogenetics. 2023;75:403–10.
Gjorgjieva T, Chaloemtoem A, Shahin T, Bayaraa O, Dieng MM, Alshaikh M, et al. Systems genetics identifies miRNA-mediated regulation of host response in COVID-19. Hum Genomics. 2023;17:49.
Li CX, Chen J, Lv SK, Li JH, Li LL, Hu X. Whole-Transcriptome RNA Sequencing Reveals Significant Differentially Expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs and Related Regulating Biological Pathways in the Peripheral Blood of COVID-19 Patients. Med Inflamm. 2021;2021:6635925 p.
Barbagallo D, Palermo CI, Barbagallo C, Battaglia R, Caponnetto A, Spina V, et al. Competing endogenous RNA network mediated by circ_3205 in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79:75.
Kong X, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang K, Nie S, Li Y, et al. LINC01002 functions as a ceRNA to regulate FRMD8 by sponging miR-4324 for the development of COVID-19. Virol J. 2024;21:109.
Anfossi S, Darbaniyan F, Quinlan J, Calin S, Shimizu M, Chen M, et al. MicroRNAs are enriched at COVID-19 genomic risk regions, and their blood levels correlate with the COVID-19 prognosis of cancer patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Mol Cancer. 2024;23:235.
Giannella A, Riccetti S, Sinigaglia A, Piubelli C, Razzaboni E, Di Battista P, et al. Circulating microRNA signatures associated with disease severity and outcome in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol. 2022;13:968991.
Wang Y, Liu S, Li L, Li L, Zhou X, Wan M, et al. Peritoneal M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles as natural multitarget nanotherapeutics to attenuate cytokine storms after severe infections. J Control Release. 2022;349:118–32.
Ebrahim N, Al Saihati HA, Alali Z, Mahmoud SYM, Rabaan AA, Dessouky AA, et al. Lyophilized MSC-EVs attenuates COVID-19 pathogenesis by regulating the JAK/STAT pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025;16:244.
Brandes F, Keiler AM, Kirchner B, Borrmann M, Billaud J-N, Reithmair M, et al. Extracellular Vesicles and Endocannabinoid Signaling in Patients with COVID-19. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023;9:1326–38. p.
Phillips S, Mishra T, Khadka S, Bohan D, Espada CE, Maury W, et al. Epitranscriptomic N(6)-Methyladenosine Profile of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11:e0394322.
Rahmadi A, Fasyah I, Sudigyo D, Budiarto A, Mahesworo B, Hidayat AA, et al. Comparative study of predicted miRNA between Indonesia and China (Wuhan) SARS-CoV-2: a bioinformatics analysis. Genes Genomics. 2021;43:1079–86.
Wang L, Mao Z, Zhang L, Shao F. Molecular Pathogenic Mechanisms of IgA Nephropathy Secondary to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2024;49:144–54.
Ye B, Liu X, Li X, Kong H, Tian L, Chen Y. T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:e1694–e1694.
Cavallone D, Ornos EDB, Ricco G, Oliveri F, Coco B, Colombatto P, et al. The Circulating miRNA Profile of Chronic Hepatitis D and B Patients Is Comparable but Differs from That of Individuals with HBeAg-Negative HBV Infection. Viruses. 2023;15:2257.
Li B, Su Y, Xiang N, Qin B, Li G, Wan T, et al. Comparative serum microRNA array analysis of the spleen-stomach dampness-heat syndrome in different diseases: Chronic hepatitis B and chronic gastritis. Anat Rec. 2021;304:2620–31. p.
Tan S, Chen W, Kong G, Wei L. ASPM May be Related to the Malignant Progression of Hepatitis B and is Associated With a Poor Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Bioinform. 2022;2:871027.
Singh AK, Rooge SB, Varshney A, Vasudevan M, Kumar M, Geffers R, et al. Identification of miRNAs associated with dendritic cell dysfunction during acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol. 2021;93:3697–706.
Zhong R, Tian J, Fu M, Ma S, Liu L, Li J, et al. LINC01149 variant modulates MICA expression that facilitates hepatitis B virus spontaneous recovery but increases hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Oncogene. 2020;39:1944–56.
Mishra R, Bhattacharya S, Rawat BS, Kumar A, Kumar A, Niraj K, et al. MicroRNA-30e-5p has an Integrated Role in the Regulation of the Innate Immune Response during Virus Infection and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. iScience. 2020;23:101322.
Yao H, Li P, Xin J, Liang X, Jiang J, Shi D, et al. MiRNA/mRNA network topology in hepatitis virus B-related liver cirrhosis reveals miR-20a-5p/340-5p as hubs initiating fibrosis. BMC Med Genomics. 2022;15:240.
Ma S, Xie Z, Zhang L, Yang Y, Jiang H, Ouyang X, et al. Identification of a Potential miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network Associated With the Prognosis of HBV-ACLF. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:657631.
Zheng C, Su H, Liu M, Qian Y, Fan H. miRNA‑mRNA network contributes to HBV‑related hepatocellular carcinoma via immune infiltration induced by GRB2. Biomed Rep. 2024;20:90.
Xie C, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Jiang P, Shi S, et al. Lnc-AIFM2-1 promotes HBV immune escape by acting as a ceRNA for miR-330-3p to regulate CD244 expression. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1121795.
Zhao X, Sun L, Mu T, Yi J, Ma C, Xie H, et al. An HBV-encoded miRNA activates innate immunity to restrict HBV replication. J Mol Cell Biol. 2020;12:263–76.
Chen W, Bian H, Xie X, Yang X, Bi B, Li C, et al. Negative feedback loop of ERK/CREB/miR-212-3p inhibits HBeAg-induced macrophage activation. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:10935–45.
Li J, Ma X, Xuan Q, Li Q, Wu M, Shi B, et al. Modulation of monocyte activity by hepatocellular MicroRNA delivery through HBsAg particles: Implications for pathobiology of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2025;81:990–1005.
Faure-Dupuy S, Riedl T, Rolland M, Hizir Z, Reisinger F, Neuhaus K, et al. Control of APOBEC3B induction and cccDNA decay by NF-κB and miR-138-5p. JHEP Rep. 2021;3:100354.
Mao Y, Wang X, Hu W, Li A, Li Y, Huang H, et al. Long-term and efficient inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by AAV8-delivered artificial microRNAs. Antivir Res. 2022;204:105366 p.
Mahmud Hussen B, Noori M, Sayad B, Ebadi Fard Azar M, Sadri Nahand J, Bayat M, et al. New Potential MicroRNA Biomarkers in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Elite Controllers, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections, and Coinfections with Hepatitis B Virus or Hepatitis C Virus. Intervirology. 2023;66:122–35.
Gunst JD, Gohil J, Li JZ, Bosch RJ, White CSA, Chun T-W, et al. Time to HIV viral rebound and frequency of post-treatment control after analytical interruption of antiretroviral therapy: an individual data-based meta-analysis of 24 prospective studies. Nat Commun. 2025;16:906.
Tarancon-Diez L, Consuegra I, Vazquez-Alejo E, Ramos-Ruiz R, Ramos JT, Navarro ML, et al. miRNA Profile Based on ART Delay in Vertically Infected HIV-1 Youths Is Associated With Inflammatory Biomarkers and Activation and Maturation Immune Levels. Front Immunol. 2022;13:878630.
Bellini N, Lodge R, Pham TNQ, Jain J, Murooka TT, Herschhorn A, et al. MiRNA-103 downmodulates CCR5 expression reducing human immunodeficiency virus type-1 entry and impacting latency establishment in CD4(+) T cells. iScience. 2022;25:105234.
Zheng Y, Yang Z, Jin C, Chen C, Wu N. hsa-miR-191-5p inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by downregulating the expression of NUP50. Arch Virol. 2021;166:755–66. p.
Mahmoudi MK, Letafati A, Soltani BM, Jazayeri SM, Ghaziasadi A. A negative correlation between hsa-miR29a-3p level and HIV-1 viral load in human serum; potentiate criteria for patients screening. Micro Pathog. 2023;184:106376.
Chaudhuri E, Dash S, Balasubramaniam M, Padron A, Holland J, Sowd GA, et al. The HIV-1 capsid-binding host factor CPSF6 is post-transcriptionally regulated by the cellular microRNA miR-125b. J Biol Chem. 2020;295:5081–94.
Qiao J, Peng Q, Qian F, You Q, Feng L, Hu S, et al. HIV-1 Vpr protein upregulates microRNA-210-5p expression to induce G2 arrest by targeting TGIF2. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0261971.
Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Tripathi A, Singh S, Niu F, Guo ML, et al. HIV TAT-mediated microglial senescence: Role of SIRT3-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress. Redox Biol. 2021;40:101843.
Madrid-Elena N, Serrano-Villar S, Gutiérrez C, Sastre B, Morín M, Luna L, et al. Selective miRNA inhibition in CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhances HIV-1 specific cytotoxic responses. Front Immunol. 2022;13:998368.
Shahbaz S, Okoye I, Blevins G, Elahi S. Elevated ATP via enhanced miRNA-30b, 30c, and 30e downregulates the expression of CD73 in CD8+ T cells of HIV-infected individuals. PLoS Pathog. 2022;18:e1010378.
Lv JN, Li JQ, Cui YB, Ren YY, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, et al. Plasma MicroRNA Signature Panel Predicts the Immune Response After Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients. Front Immunol. 2021;12:753044.
Padmanabhan U, Dahake R, Chowdhary AS, Koka PS. HIV-1 inhibits haematopoiesis via microRNA secreted by virus-infected CD4+ T cells. Eur J Haematol. 2020;104:170–80.
Jamshidi S, Bokharaei-Salim F, Nahand JS, Monavari SH, Moghoofei M, Garshasbi S, et al. Evaluation of the Expression Pattern of 4 microRNAs and their Correlation with Cellular/viral Factors in PBMCs of Long Term Non-progressors and HIV Infected Naïve Individuals. Curr HIV Res. 2022;20:42–53.
Yavropoulou MP, Kolynou A, Makras P, Pikilidou M, Nanoudis S, Skoura L, et al. Circulating microRNAs Related to Bone Metabolism in HIV-Associated Bone Loss. Biomedicines. 2021;9:443.
Lazzari E, Rozera G, Gagliardini R, Esvan R, Mondi A, Mazzotta V, et al. Human and Viral microRNA Expression in Acute and Chronic HIV Infections. Viruses. 2024;16:496.
Fu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu L, Yuan L, An X, et al. The Impact of microRNA Regulation on Immune Recovery in HIV-1-Infected Patients Treated during Acute Infection: A Pilot Study. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:5782927.
Zhang C, Sun H, Zhang QY, Tong ZH. MiR-150 levels are related to in-hospital mortality in non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia patients. Med Mycol. 2024;62:myae022.
Li A, Bao J, Gao S, He Y, Nie X, Hosyanto FF, et al. MicroRNA hsa-miR-320a-3p and Its Targeted mRNA FKBP5 Were Differentially Expressed in Patients with HIV/TB Co-Infection. ACS Infect Dis. 2023;9:1742–53.
Cornwell A, Palli R, Singh MV, Benoodt L, Tyrell A, Abe JI, et al. Molecular characterization of atherosclerosis in HIV positive persons. Sci Rep. 2021;11:3232.
Massanett Aparicio J, Xu Y, Li Y, Colantuoni C, Dastgheyb R, Williams DW, et al. Plasma microRNAs are associated with domain-specific cognitive function in people with HIV. AIDS. 2021;35:1795–804.
Duraikkannu D, Akbar AB, Sudharshan S, Poongulali S, Kumarasamy N, Jayavelu T, et al. Differential Expression of miRNA-192 is a Potential Biomarker for HIV Associated Immune Recovery Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023;31:566–75.
Shen F, Liu Y, Wang L, Chai X, Yang J, Feng Q, et al. Identification of HIV-1-specific cascaded microRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships by parallel mRNA and microRNA expression profiling with AIDS patients after antiviral treatment. Medicine. 2021;100:e27428.
da Cruz AB, Maia MM, Pereira IS, Taniwaki NN, Namiyama GM, Telles JPM, et al. Human extracellular vesicles and correlation with two clinical forms of toxoplasmosis. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0229602.
Hu G, Niu F, Liao K, Periyasamy P, Sil S, Liu J, et al. HIV-1 Tat-Induced Astrocytic Extracellular Vesicle miR-7 Impairs Synaptic Architecture. J Neuroimmune Pharm. 2020;15:538–53.
Kaddour H, McDew-White M, Madeira MM, Tranquille MA, Tsirka SE, Mohan M, et al. Chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment counteracts SIV-induced modulation of proinflammatory microRNA cargo in basal ganglia-derived extracellular vesicles. J Neuroinflammat. 2022;19:225.
Chettimada S, Lorenz DR, Misra V, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D. Small RNA sequencing of extracellular vesicles identifies circulating miRNAs related to inflammation and oxidative stress in HIV patients. BMC Immunol. 2020;21:57.
Kopcho S, McDew-White M, Naushad W, Mohan M, Okeoma CM. SIV Infection Regulates Compartmentalization of Circulating Blood Plasma miRNAs within Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and Extracellular Condensates (ECs) and Decreases EV-Associated miRNA-128. Viruses. 2023;15:622.
Bellini N, Ye C, Ajibola O, Murooka TT, Lodge R, Cohen ÉA. Downregulation of miRNA-26a by HIV-1 Enhances CD59 Expression and Packaging, Impacting Virus Susceptibility to Antibody-Dependent Complement-Mediated Lysis. Viruses. 2024;16:1076.
Wang MR, Wu DD, Luo F, Zhong CJ, Wang X, Zhu N, et al. Methadone Inhibits Viral Restriction Factors and Facilitates HIV Infection in Macrophages. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1253
Lawson KS, Prasad A, Groopman JE. Methamphetamine Enhances HIV-1 Replication in CD4(+) T-Cells via a Novel IL-1β Auto-Regulatory Loop. Front Immunol. 2020;11:136.
Lin W, Li XF, Ren DC, Song M, Duan L, Liu JZ, et al. Administration of zoledronic acid alleviates osteoporosis in HIV patients by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via regulating RANKL expression. Mol Med. 2021;27:19.
Caobi A, Bonilla J, Gomez M, Andre M, Yndart A, Fernandez-Lima FA, et al. HIV-1 and opiates modulate miRNA profiles in extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1259998.
Doke M, McLaughlin JP, Cai JJ, Pendyala G, Kashanchi F, Khan MA, et al. HIV-1 Tat and cocaine impact astrocytic energy reservoirs and epigenetic regulation by influencing the LINC01133-hsa-miR-4726-5p-NDUFA9 axis. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022;29:243–58.
Macieira KV, Caetano DG, De Lima SMB, Wagner Giacoia-Gripp CB, Côrtes FH, Da Silva Cazote A, et al. Differential gene expression of cytokines, receptors, and miRNAs in individuals living with HIV-1 and vaccinated against yellow fever. Mol Immunol. 2023;164:58–65.
Fehér C, Pastor-Lbáñez R, Leal L, Plana M, Arnedo M, van den Ham HJ, et al. Association of Transcriptomic Signatures of Inflammatory Response with Viral Control after Dendritic Cell-Based Therapeutic Vaccination in HIV-1 Infected Individuals. Vaccines. 2021;9:799.
Bissa M, Kim S, Galli V, Fourati S, Sarkis S, Arakelyan A, et al. HIV vaccine candidate efficacy in female macaques mediated by cAMP-dependent efferocytosis and V2-specific ADCC. Nat Commun. 2023;14:575.
You Q, Qiao J, Peng Q, Li W, Li J, Hu S, et al. HIV-1 Infection Promotes Cholesterol Aggregation by Inducing miR-33b-5p to Suppress ABCA1 Expression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2023;39:459–67.
Bao Y, Guo H, Yang B, Chen F, Zhang Z, Gao J. MicroRNA-1297 participates in the repair of intestinal barrier injury in patients with HIV/AIDS via negative regulation of PLCβ1. Mol Cell Biochem. 2022;477:2133–47.
Shojaei Jeshvaghani Z, Arefian E, Asgharpour S, Soleimani M. Latency-Associated Transcript-Derived MicroRNAs in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Target SMAD3 and SMAD4 in TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Iran Biomed J. 2021;25:169–79.
Lenart M, Działo E, Kluczewska A, Węglarczyk K, Szaflarska A, Rutkowska-Zapała M, et al. miRNA Regulation of NK Cells Antiviral Response in Children With Severe and/or Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Front Immunol. 2020;11:589866 p.
Barrozo ER, Nakayama S, Singh P, Neumann DM, Bloom DC. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNA miR-H8 Is Dispensable for Latency and Reactivation In Vivo. J Virol. 2021;95:e02179–20.
Barrozo ER, Nakayama S, Singh P, Vanni EAH, Arvin AM, Neumann DM, et al. Deletion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNAs miR-H1 and miR-H6 Impairs Reactivation. J Virol. 2020;94:e00639–20.
Otani Y, Yoo JY, Chao S, Liu J, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Lee TJ, et al. Oncolytic HSV-Infected Glioma Cells Activate NOTCH in Adjacent Tumor Cells Sensitizing Tumors to Gamma Secretase Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:2381–92.
Zubković A, Gomes C, Parchure A, Cesarec M, Ferenčić A, Rokić F, et al. HSV-1 miRNAs are post-transcriptionally edited in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol. 2023;97:e0073023.
Scheiber C, Klein HC, Schneider JM, Schulz T, Bechter K, Tumani H, et al. HSV-1 and Cellular miRNAs in CSF-Derived Exosomes as Diagnostically Relevant Biomarkers for Neuroinflammation. Cells. 2024;13:1208.
Yang Y, Fu Y, Sheng S, Ji C, Pu X, Xu G. Screening for diagnostic targets in tuberculosis and study on its pathogenic mechanism based on mRNA sequencing technology and miRNA-mRNA-pathway regulatory network. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1038647.
Badry A, Jaspers VLB, Waugh CA. Environmental pollutants modulate RNA and DNA virus-activated miRNA-155 expression and innate immune system responses: Insights into new immunomodulative mechanisms. J Immunotoxicol. 2020;17:86–93.
Zhao Y, Li H, Du H, Yin Z, He M, Fan J, et al. A Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus-encoded microRNA contributes to dilated cardiomyopathy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:226.
Huang F, Chen Y, Wu J, Zheng S, Huang R, Wan W, et al. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of metabolism‑related microRNAs in high myopia in young and old adults with age‑related cataracts. Mol Med Rep. 2025;31:46.
Yadalam PK, Neelakandan A, Arunraj R, Anegundi RV, Ardila CM. Exploring the interplay between Porphyromonas gingivalis KGP gingipain, herpes virus MicroRNA-6, and Icp4 transcript in periodontitis: Computational and clinical insights. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0312162.
Cui YH, Liu CQ, Song XL, Yi WZ, Liu Q, Liu JM, et al. Integrative Analysis of miRNA and circRNA Expression Profiles and Interaction Network in HSV-1-Infected Primary Corneal Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res. 2024;49:368–79.
Zubković A, Žarak I, Ratkaj I, Rokić F, Jekić M, Pribanić Matešić M, et al. The Virus-Induced Upregulation of the miR-183/96/182 Cluster and the FoxO Family Protein Members Are Not Required for Efficient Replication of HSV-1. Viruses. 2022;14:1661.
Bao J, Chang W, Zhao Y. Diagnosis and Drug Prediction of Parkinson’s Disease Based on Immune-Related Genes. J Mol Neurosci. 2022;72:1809–19.
Wang X, Chen H, Song F, Zuo K, Chen X, Zhang X, et al. Resveratrol: a potential medication for the prevention and treatment of varicella zoster virus-induced ischemic stroke. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28:400.
Kim YJ, Yeon Y, Lee WJ, Shin YU, Cho H, Lim HW, et al. Analysis of MicroRNA Expression in Tears of Patients with Herpes Epithelial Keratitis: A Preliminary Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022;63:21.
Umbach JL, Kramer MF, Jurak I, Karnowski HW, Coen DM, Cullen BR. MicroRNAs expressed by herpes simplex virus 1 during latent infection regulate viral mRNAs. Nature. 2008;454:780–3.
Naqvi AR. Immunomodulatory roles of human herpesvirus-encoded microRNA in host-virus interaction. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30:e2081.
Yang, X, H Li, H Sun, H Fan, Y Hu, M Liu, et al., Hepatitis B Virus-Encoded MicroRNA Controls Viral Replication. J Virol, 2017. 91. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01919-16.