Fiorella, K. J., Okronipa, H., Baker, K. & Heilpern, S. Contemporary aquaculture: implications for human nutrition. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 70, 83–90 (2021).
Munguti, J. M. et al. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) culture in kenya: emerging production technologies and socio-economic impacts on local livelihoods. Aquac Fish. Fish. 2, 265–276 (2022).
Rowley, A. F. et al. Diseases of marine fish and shellfish in an age of rapid climate change. iScience 27, 110838 (2024).
Okeke, E. S. et al. Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture and aquatic organisms: a review of current nanotechnology applications for sustainable management. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int. 29, 69241–69274 (2022).
Ciji, A. & Akhtar, M. S. Stress management in aquaculture: a review of dietary interventions. Rev. Aquac. 13, 2190–2247 (2021).
Pelvan, E. et al. Immunomodulatory effects of selected medicinal herbs and their essential oils: A comprehensive review. J. Funct. Foods. 94, 105108 (2022).
Hossain, M. S., Small, B. C., Kumar, V. & Hardy, R. Utilization of functional feed additives to produce cost-effective, ecofriendly aquafeeds high in plant‐based ingredients. Rev. Aquac. 16, 121–153 (2024).
Mariappan, B., Kaliyamurthi, V. & Binesh, A. Medicinal plants or plant derived compounds used in aquaculture. In Recent Advances in Aquaculture Microbial Technology (eds. Mathew, J. & Jose, M. S. et al.) .153–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90261-8.00003-1 (Elsevier, 2023).
Bandaranayake, W. M. Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants. Wetl Ecol. Manag. 10, 421–452 (2002).
Kathiresan, K. & Bingham, B. L. Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems. 81–251 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(01)40003-4
Arulkumar, A., Kumar, K. S. & Paramasivam, S. Antibacterial and invitro antioxidant potential of Indian mangroves. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 23, 101491 (2020).
Awuku-Sowah, E. M., Graham, N. A. J. & Watson, N. M. Investigating mangrove-human health relationships: A review of recently reported physiological benefits. Dialogues Heal. 1, 100059 (2022).
Akram, H. et al. Mangrove health: A review of functions, threats, and challenges associated with mangrove management practices. Forests 14, 1698 (2023).
Awuku-Sowah, E. M., Graham, N. A. J. & Watson, N. M. The contributions of mangroves to physiological health in ghana: insights from a qualitative study of key informants. Wellbeing Sp Soc. 4, 100137 (2023).
El Basuini, M. F. et al. Effects of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf aqueous extract on growth, immunity, and hypoxia tolerance in gray mullet (Liza ramada). Aquac. Nutr. 2025, 2381301 (2025).
Waleed, T. A., Abdel-Maksoud, Y. K., Kanwar, R. S. & Sewilam, H. Mangroves in Egypt and the middle east: current status, threats, and opportunities. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 1225–1262 (2025).
Giri, C. et al. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using Earth observation satellite data. Glob Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 154–159 (2011).
Ahouangan, B. S. C. M. et al. Utilization of Plant Species in Mangrove Swamp: Ruminant Herders’ Perception of Treats and Strategies for Mangrove Sustainable Restoration in Benin (West-Africa). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-256271/v1 (2021).
Abubakar, A. R. & Haque, M. Preparation of medicinal plants: basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 12, 1–10 (2020).
Ibrahim, D. et al. Liposome encapsulating pine bark extract in Nile tilapia: targeting interrelated immune and antioxidant defense to combat coinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterococcus faecalis. Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 156, 110031 (2025).
Cupp-Enyard, C. Sigma’s Non-specific protease activity Assay – Casein as a substrate. J. Vis. Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/899 (2008).
Wang, W. et al. Effects of dietary astaxanthin and vitamin E and their interactions on the growth performance, pigmentation, digestive enzyme activity of Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Aquac Res. 50, 1186–1197 (2019).
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH image to imageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods. 9, 671–675 (2012).
Gibson-Corley, K. N., Olivier, A. K. & Meyerholz, D. K. Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research. Vet. Pathol. 50, 1007–1015 (2013).
Lygren, B., Sveier, H., Hjeltnes, B. & Waagbø, R. Examination of the immunomodulatory properties and the effect on disease resistance of dietary bovine lactoferrin and vitamin C fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for a short-term period. Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 9, 95–107 (1999).
Iida, T., Takahashi, K. & Wakabayashi, H. Decrease in the bactericidal activity of normal serum during the spawning period of rainbow trout. Nippon SUISAN GAKKAISHI. 55, 463–465 (1989).
Rodrigues, E. J. D., de Carvalho, P. L. P. F., Silva, V. F., Gatlin, D. M. & Barros, M. M. Myo-inositol increases respiratory burst, cellular proliferation, and phagocytosis of cultured leukocytes from Nile tilapia. Comp. Immunol. Rep. 8, 200193 (2025).
Elumalai, P. et al. Herbal immunomodulators in aquaculture. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 29, 33–57 (2021).
Ahmadifar, E. et al. The gene regulatory roles of herbal extracts on the growth, immune system, and reproduction of fish. Animals 11, 2167 (2021).
Nik Mohamad Nek Rahimi. Phytocompounds as an alternative antimicrobial approach in aquaculture. Antibiotics 11, 469 (2022).
Awad, E. & Awaad, A. Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 67, 40–54 (2017).
Rozirwan et al. Phytochemical profile and toxicity of extracts from the leaf of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. collected in mangrove areas affected by port activities. South. Afr. J. Bot. 150, 903–919 (2022).
Carr, I., Glencross, B. & Santigosa, E. The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health. Front. Anim. Sci. 4, 1147081 (2023).
Oh, Y. T. et al. Oleic acid reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in BV2 murine microglial cells: possible involvement of reactive oxygen species, p38 MAPK, and IKK/NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Neurosci. Lett. 464, 93–97 (2009).
Martins, N. et al. Dietary oleic acid supplementation improves feed efficiency and modulates fatty acid profile and cell signaling pathway in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed high-lipid diets. Aquaculture 576, 739870 (2023).
García-Coronado, H. et al. Molecular biology, composition and physiological functions of cuticle lipids in fleshy fruits. Plants 11 . https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091133 (2022).
Shepherd, T. & Wynne Griffiths, D. The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes. New. Phytol. 171, 469–499 (2006).
Ferdaus, M. J., Blount, R. J. S. & Silva, R. C. da. Assessment of natural waxes as stabilizers in peanut butter. Foods 11, 3127 (2022).
Tian, M. et al. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities of Hedychium flavum rhizome. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 572659 (2020).
Siwach, A. & Verma, P. K. Synthesis and therapeutic potential of imidazole containing compounds. BMC Chem. 15, 12 (2021).
Ramírez-Azpilcueta, B. A. et al. Therapeutic, histopathological, and non-specific immune status effect of rhizophora mangle and laguncularia racemose hydroalcoholic extracts against vibrio harveyi and vibrio Campbellii in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Lat Am. J. Aquat. Res. 51, 543–555 (2023).
Falqueto, A. R., Silva, D. M. & Fontes, R. V. Photosynthetic performance of mangroves Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa under field conditions. Rev. Árvore. 32, 577–582 (2008).
Das, S. K., Mahapatra, A. & Sanket, S. Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity assessment of Avicennia officinalis L. bark extracts. Anal. Chem. Lett. 14, 369–381 (2024).
Mohamed, N. A. F., Al-Touby, S. S. & Hossain, M. A. Evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of different polarities extracts of Suaeda maritima. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 42, 102370 (2022).
Cerri, F. et al. Natural products from mangroves: an overview of the anticancer potential of Avicennia marina. Pharmaceutics 14, 2793 (2022).
Lalitha, P., Parthiban, A., Sachithanandam, V., Purvaja, R. & Ramesh, R. Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of GC-MS analysis of crude ethyl acetate extract from the tropical mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis L. South. Afr. J. Bot. 142, 149–155 (2021).
Pino, J. A. Analysis of odour-active compounds of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans L.) honey by solid‐phase Microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47, 1688–1694 (2012).
Gajula, H. et al. Chapter 5 – Secondary Metabolites from Mangrove Plants and Their Biological Activities. (eds. Patra, J. K. & Mishra, R. R. et al.). 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819532-1.00005-6 (Academic Press, 2020).
Zhou, S. et al. Improvement of physiological metabolism and flavor quality of eriocheir sinensis ovaries by dietary supplementation with Antarctic Krill meal. Foods 14, 1287 (2025).
Mitra, S., Naskar, N., Lahiri, S. & Chaudhuri, P. A study on phytochemical profiling of Avicennia marina mangrove leaves collected from Indian sundarbans. Sustain. Chem. Environ. 4, 100041 (2023).
Budiyanto, F. et al. Exploring the mangrove fruit: from the phytochemicals to functional food development and the current progress in the Middle East. Mar. Drugs. 20, 303 (2022).
Mitra, S., Naskar, N. & Chaudhuri, P. A review on potential bioactive phytochemicals for novel therapeutic applications with special emphasis on mangrove species. Phytomedicine Plus. 1, 100107 (2021).
Gruber, C., Ocelova, V., Kesselring, J. C. & Wein, S. Phytogenic feed additives as a sustainable alternative to antibiotics: enhancing growth and disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals 15, 380 (2025).
García Beltrán, J. M. & Esteban, M. Á. Nature-identical compounds as feed additives in aquaculture. Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 123, 409–416 (2022).
Kuebutornye, F. K. A. & Abarike, E. D. The contribution of medicinal plants to tilapia aquaculture: a review. Aquac Int. 28, 965–983 (2020).
Kuebutornye, F. K. A., Roy, K., Folorunso, E. A. & Mraz, J. Plant-based feed additives in Cyprinus carpio aquaculture. Rev. Aquac. 16, 309–336 (2024).
Reverter, M., Bontemps, N., Lecchini, D., Banaigs, B. & Sasal, P. Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: current status and future perspectives. Aquaculture 433, 50–61 (2014).
Onomu, A. J. & Okuthe, G. E. The role of functional feed additives in enhancing aquaculture sustainability. Fishes 9, 167 (2024).
Poolsawat, L. et al. Efficacy of phytogenic extracts on growth performance and health of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). Aquac Fish. 7, 411–419 (2022).
Yue, R. et al. Effects of three tested medicinal plant extracts on growth, immune function and microflora in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquac Rep. 36, 102075 (2024).
Steinel, N. C. & Bolnick, D. I. Melanomacrophage centers as a histological indicator of immune function in fish and other poikilotherms. Front. Immunol 8 (2017).
Mansour, A. T. et al. Physiological and immunological responses of Nile tilapia fed dietary supplementation of sweet basil ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Front. Mar. Sci 9 (2023).
Almarri, S. H., Khalil, A. A., Mansour, A. T. & El-Houseiny, W. Antioxidant: Immunostimulant, and growth-promoting effects of dietary Annona squamosa leaf extract on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and its tolerance to thermal stress and Aeromonas sobria infection. Animals 13, 746 (2023).
Niewiadomska, J., Gajek-Marecka, A., Gajek, J. & Noszczyk-Nowak, A. Biological potential of polyphenols in the context of metabolic syndrome: An analysis of studies on animal models. Biology (Basel) 11 (2022).
Jamarun, N., Ikhlas, Z. & Sari, R. The effect of mangrove leaf (Rhizophora apiculata) based diet and fermented tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) on the metabolite status of Kacang goats. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1341, 012067 (2024).
Al-Harthi, M. A., El-Deek, A. A., Attia, Y. A., Bovera, F. & Qota, E. M. Effect of different dietary levels of Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) leaves and spice supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, lipid metabolism and metabolic profiles in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 50, 700–708 (2009).