Brakenhielm, E. & Alitalo, K. Cardiac lymphatics in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 16, 56–68 (2019).
Oliver, G., Kipnis, J., Randolph, G. J. & Harvey, N. L. The lymphatic vasculature in the 21st century: novel functional roles in homeostasis and disease. Cell 182, 270–296 (2020).
Brakenhielm, E., Sultan, I. & Alitalo, K. Cardiac lymphangiogenesis in CVDs. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 44, 1016–1020 (2024).
Henri, O. et al. Selective stimulation of cardiac lymphangiogenesis reduces myocardial edema and fibrosis leading to improved cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Circulation 133, 1484–1497 (2016).
Song, L. et al. Lymphangiogenic therapy prevents cardiac dysfunction by ameliorating inflammation and hypertension. eLife 9, e58376 (2020).
Bizou, M. et al. Cardiac macrophage subsets differentially regulate lymphatic network remodeling during pressure overload. Sci. Rep. 11, 16801 (2021).
Heron, C. et al. Regulation and impact of cardiac lymphangiogenesis in pressure-overload-induced heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 119, 492–505 (2023).
Roh, K. et al. Exercise-induced cardiac lymphatic remodeling mitigates inflammation in the aging heart. Aging Cell 24, e70043 (2025).
Kalucka, J. et al. Single-cell transcriptome atlas of murine endothelial cells. Cell 180, 764–779.e20 (2020).
Balint, L. et al. Lymphatic activation of ACKR3 signaling regulates lymphatic response after ischemic heart injury. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.322288 (2025).
Shore, L. R. The lymphatic drainage of the human heart. J. Anat. 63, 291 (1929).
Schineis, P., Runge, P. & Halin, C. Cellular traffic through afferent lymphatic vessels. Vasc. Pharmacol. 112, 31–41 (2019).
Vieira, J. M. et al. The cardiac lymphatic system stimulates resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction. J. Clin. Invest. 128, 3402–3412 (2018).
Arasa, J. et al. Upregulation of VCAM-1 in lymphatic collectors supports dendritic cell entry and rapid migration to lymph nodes in inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 218, e20201413 (2021).
McCracken, I. R. et al. Mapping the developing human cardiac endothelium at single-cell resolution identifies MECOM as a regulator of arteriovenous gene expression. Cardiovasc. Res. 118, 2960–2972 (2022).
Travisano, S. I. et al. Single-nuclei multiomic analyses identify human cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells associated with coronary arteries in the epicardium. Cell Rep. 42, 113106 (2023).
Heron, C. et al. Molecular determinants of cardiac lymphatic dysfunction in a chronic pressure-overload model. EMBO Mol. Med. 18, 325–355 (2026).
Petkova, M. et al. Immune-interacting lymphatic endothelial subtype at capillary terminals drives lymphatic malformation. J. Exp. Med. 220, e20220741 (2023).
Zheng, W. et al. Angiopoietin 2 regulates the transformation and integrity of lymphatic endothelial cell junctions. Genes Dev. 28, 1592–1603 (2014).
Jannaway, M. et al. VEGFR3 is required for button junction formation in lymphatic vessels. Cell Rep. 42, 112777 (2023).
Korhonen, E. A. et al. Lymphangiogenesis requires Ang2/Tie/PI3K signaling for VEGFR3 cell-surface expression. J. Clin. Invest. 132, e155478 (2022).
Suh, S. H. et al. Gut microbiota regulates lacteal integrity by inducing VEGF-C in intestinal villus macrophages. EMBO Rep. 20, e46927 (2019).
Zhang, F. et al. Lacteal junction zippering protects against diet-induced obesity. Science 361, 599–603 (2018).
Tso, P., Bernier-Latmani, J., Petrova, T. V. & Liu, M. Transport functions of intestinal lymphatic vessels. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 127–145 (2025).
Serafin, D. S., Harris, N. R., Bálint, L., Douglas, E. S. & Caron, K. M. Proximity interactome of lymphatic VE-cadherin reveals mechanisms of junctional remodeling and reelin secretion. Nat. Commun. 15, 7734 (2024).
Sung, D. C. et al. Sinusoidal and lymphatic vessel growth is controlled by reciprocal VEGF-C-CDH5 inhibition. Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 1, 1006–1021 (2022).
Petrova, T. V. & Koh, G. Y. Organ-specific lymphatic vasculature: from development to pathophysiology. J. Exp. Med. 215, 35–49 (2018).
Tan, C. et al. FOXC1 and FOXC2 ablation causes abnormal valvular endothelial cell junctions and lymphatic vessel formation in myxomatous mitral valve degeneration. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 44, 1944–1959 (2024).
Osinski, V. et al. Profibrotic VEGFR3-dependent lymphatic vessel growth in autoimmune valvular carditis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 44, 807–821 (2024).
Zawieja, D. C. Contractile physiology of lymphatics. Lymphat. Res. Biol. 7, 87–96 (2009).
Heron, C., Ratajska, A. & Brakenhielm, E. Cardiac lymphatics: state of the art. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 29, 156–165 (2022).
Thorup, L., Hjortdal, A., Boedtkjer, D. B., Thomsen, M. B. & Hjortdal, V. The transport function of the human lymphatic system—a systematic review. Physiol. Rep. 11, e15697 (2023).
Marchaud, E. et al. 3D imaging and single-cell analysis reveal cellular heterogeneity of lymphatic valve endothelial cell types. iScience 28, 113841 (2025).
Bauer, A. et al. Transcriptomics- and 3D imaging-based characterization of the lymphatic vasculature in human skin. J. Exp. Med. 223, e20242353 (2026).
Mehlhorn, U., Geissler, H. J., Laine, G. A. & Allen, S. J. Role of the cardiac lymph system in myocardial fluid balance. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 20, 424–427 (2001).
Harris, N. R. et al. The ebb and flow of cardiac lymphatics: a tidal wave of new discoveries. Physiol. Rev. 103, 391–432 (2023).
Pu, Z. et al. Cardiac lymphatic insufficiency leads to diastolic dysfunction via myocardial morphologic change. JACC Basic. Transl. Sci. 8, 958–972 (2023).
Yeo, K. P. et al. Efficient aortic lymphatic drainage is necessary for atherosclerosis regression induced by ezetimibe. Sci. Adv. 6, eabc2697 (2020).
Chen, Y.-L. et al. Macrophage-derived VEGF-C reduces cardiac inflammation and prevents heart dysfunction in CVB3-induced viral myocarditis via remodeling cardiac lymphatic vessels. Int. Immunopharmacol. 143, 113377 (2024).
Kholová, I. et al. Lymphatic vasculature is increased in heart valves, ischaemic and inflamed hearts and in cholesterol-rich and calcified atherosclerotic lesions. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 41, 487–497 (2011).
Niinimäki, E., Mennander, A. A., Paavonen, T. & Kholová, I. Lymphangiogenesis is increased in heart valve endocarditis. Int. J. Cardiol. 219, 317–321 (2016).
Jiang, X. et al. Elevated lymphatic vessel density measured by Lyve-1 expression in areas of replacement fibrosis in the ventricular septum of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Heart Vessels 35, 78–85 (2020).
Wada, H. et al. VEGF-C and mortality in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 7, e010355 (2018).
Wada, H. et al. Distinct characteristics of VEGF-D and VEGF-C to predict mortality in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 9, e015761 (2020).
Iwanek, G. et al. Relationship of vascular endothelial growth factor C, a lymphangiogenesis modulator, with edema formation, congestion and outcomes in acute heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 29, 1629–1638 (2023).
Yao, L.-C., Baluk, P., Srinivasan, R. S., Oliver, G. & McDonald, D. M. Plasticity of button-like junctions in the endothelium of airway lymphatics in development and inflammation. Am. J. Pathol. 180, 2561–2575 (2012).
Churchill, M. J. et al. Infection-induced lymphatic zippering restricts fluid transport and viral dissemination from skin. J. Exp. Med. 219, e20211830 (2022).
Miller, A. J. The study of the lymphatics of the heart: an overview. Microcirc. Endothelium Lymphatics 2, 349–360 (1985).
Flaht-Zabost, A. et al. Lymphatic vessel remodeling in the hearts of Ang II-treated obese db/db mice as an integral component of cardiac remodeling. Appl. Sci. 14, 8675 (2024).
Brakenhielm, E., González, A. & Díez, J. Role of cardiac lymphatics in myocardial edema and fibrosis: JACC review topic of the week. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 76, 735–744 (2020).
Houssari, M. et al. Lymphatic and immune cell cross-talk regulates cardiac recovery after experimental myocardial infarction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 40, 1722–1737 (2020).
Bai, J. et al. Angiotensin II induces cardiac edema and hypertrophic remodeling through lymphatic-dependent mechanisms. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022, 5044046 (2022).
Chakraborty, S., Zawieja, S., Wang, W., Zawieja, D. C. & Muthuchamy, M. Lymphatic system: a vital link between metabolic syndrome and inflammation: roles of lymphatics in metabolic syndrome. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1207, E94–E102 (2010).
Zolla, V. et al. Aging-related anatomical and biochemical changes in lymphatic collectors impair lymph transport, fluid homeostasis, and pathogen clearance. Aging Cell 14, 582–594 (2015).
Jakic, B., Kerjaschki, D. & Wick, G. Lymphatic capillaries in aging. Gerontology 66, 419–426 (2020).
Lei, P.-J. et al. Aging-induced changes in lymphatic muscle cell transcriptomes are associated with reduced pumping of peripheral collecting lymphatic vessels in mice. Dev. Cell 60, 1118–1133.e5 (2025).
Liao, S. et al. Impaired lymphatic contraction associated with immunosuppression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 18784–18789 (2011).
Li, H., Chen, C. & Wang, D. W. Inflammatory cytokines, immune cells, and organ interactions in heart failure. Front. Physiol. 12, 695047 (2021).
McLellan, M. A. et al. High-resolution transcriptomic profiling of the heart during chronic stress reveals cellular drivers of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Circulation 142, 1448–1463 (2020).
Simonson, B. et al. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing in ischemic cardiomyopathy reveals common transcriptional profile underlying end-stage heart failure. Cell Rep. 42, 112086 (2023).
Angeli, V. & Lim, H. Y. Biomechanical control of lymphatic vessel physiology and functions. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 20, 1051–1062 (2023).
Harris, E. N., Weigel, J. A. & Weigel, P. H. The human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE/Stabilin-2) is a systemic clearance receptor for heparin. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 17341–17350 (2008).
Raza, Q. et al. Notch signaling regulates UNC5B to suppress endothelial proliferation, migration, junction activity, and retinal plexus branching. Sci. Rep. 14, 13603 (2024).
Kanemaru, K. et al. Spatially resolved multiomics of human cardiac niches. Nature 619, 801–810 (2023).
Wang, W. et al. Lymphatic endothelial transcription factor Tbx1 promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment to facilitate post-myocardial infarction repair. Immunity 56, 2342–2357.e10 (2023).
Johnson, L. A. et al. Dendritic cells enter lymph vessels by hyaluronan-mediated docking to the endothelial receptor LYVE-1. Nat. Immunol. 18, 762–770 (2017).
Li, C. Y. et al. Tumor-associated lymphatics upregulate MHC-II to suppress tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 13470 (2022).
Sun, M., Angelillo, J. & Hugues, S. Lymphatic transport in anti-tumor immunity and metastasis. J. Exp. Med. 222, e20231954 (2025).
Iwamiya, T., Segard, B.-D., Matsuoka, Y. & Imamura, T. Human cardiac fibroblasts expressing VCAM1 improve heart function in postinfarct heart failure rat models by stimulating lymphangiogenesis. PLoS ONE 15, e0237810 (2020).
Gong, H. et al. Fibroblasts facilitate lymphatic vessel formation in transplanted heart. Theranostics 14, 1886–1908 (2024).
Machnik, A. et al. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism. Nat. Med. 15, 545–552 (2009).
Cahill, T. J. et al. Tissue-resident macrophages regulate lymphatic vessel growth and patterning in the developing heart. Development 148, dev194563 (2021).
Glinton, K. E. et al. Macrophage-produced VEGFC is induced by efferocytosis to ameliorate cardiac injury and inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 132, e140685 (2022).
Angeli, V. et al. B cell-driven lymphangiogenesis in inflamed lymph nodes enhances dendritic cell mobilization. Immunity 24, 203–215 (2006).
Dubey, L. K., Karempudi, P., Luther, S. A., Ludewig, B. & Harris, N. L. Interactions between fibroblastic reticular cells and B cells promote mesenteric lymph node lymphangiogenesis. Nat. Commun. 8, 367 (2017).
Trincot, C. E. et al. Adrenomedullin induces cardiac lymphangiogenesis after myocardial infarction and regulates cardiac edema via connexin 43. Circ. Res. 124, 101–113 (2019).
Morfoisse, F. et al. Lymphatic vasculature requires estrogen receptor-α signaling to protect from lymphedema. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 38, 1346–1357 (2018).
de la Cruz, E., Cadenas, V., Temiño, S., Oliver, G. & Torres, M. Epicardial VEGFC/D signaling is essential for coronary lymphangiogenesis. EMBO Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-025-00431-7 (2025).
Lin, Q.-Y., Bai, J., Liu, J.-Q. & Li, H.-H. Angiotensin II stimulates the proliferation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells through angiotensin type 1 receptors. Front. Physiol. 11, 560170 (2020).
Bertoldi, G., Caputo, I., Calò, L. & Rossitto, G. Lymphatic vessels and the renin-angiotensin-system. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 325, H837–H855 (2023).
Rademakers, T. et al. Adventitial lymphatic capillary expansion impacts on plaque T cell accumulation in atherosclerosis. Sci. Rep. 7, 45263 (2017).
Do, L. N. H. et al. A neuro-lymphatic communication guides lymphatic development by CXCL12 and CXCR4 signaling. Development 151, dev202901 (2024).
García-Caballero, M. et al. Role and therapeutic potential of dietary ketone bodies in lymph vessel growth. Nat. Metab. 1, 666–675 (2019).
Lian, Z. et al. Rosuvastatin enhances lymphangiogenesis after myocardial infarction by regulating the miRNAs/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (miRNAs/VEGFR3) pathway. ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 7, 335–347 (2024).
Zampell, J. C. et al. Lymphatic function is regulated by a coordinated expression of lymphangiogenic and anti-lymphangiogenic cytokines. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 302, C392–C404 (2012).
Bisoendial, R. et al. Apolipoprotein A-I limits the negative effect of tumor necrosis factor on lymphangiogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 35, 2443–2450 (2015).
Gao, N. et al. CXCL10 suppression of hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in inflamed corneas through MMP13. Angiogenesis 20, 505–518 (2017).
Singla, B. et al. CD47 activation by thrombospondin-1 in lymphatic endothelial cells suppresses lymphangiogenesis and promotes atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 43, 1234–1250 (2023).
Matsui, K. et al. Tenascin-C in tissue repair after myocardial infarction in humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 10184 (2023).
Künnapuu, J., Bokharaie, H. & Jeltsch, M. Proteolytic cleavages in the VEGF family: generating diversity among angiogenic VEGFs, essential for the activation of lymphangiogenic VEGFs. Biology 10, 167 (2021).
Jha, S. K. et al. KLK3/PSA and cathepsin D activate VEGF-C and VEGF-D. eLife 8, e44478 (2019).
Lim, L. et al. Hemostasis stimulates lymphangiogenesis through release and activation of VEGFC. Blood 134, 1764–1775 (2019).
Jeltsch, M. et al. CCBE1 enhances lymphangiogenesis via A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs-3-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor-C activation. Circulation 129, 1962–1971 (2014).
Alders, M. et al. Mutations in CCBE1 cause generalized lymph vessel dysplasia in humans. Nat. Genet. 41, 1272–1274 (2009).
Ocskay, Z., Bálint, L., Christ, C., Kahn, M. L. & Jakus, Z. CCBE1 regulates the development and prevents the age-dependent regression of meningeal lymphatics. Biomed. Pharmacother. 170, 116032 (2024).
Wang, G. et al. Specific fibroblast subpopulations and neuronal structures provide local sources of Vegfc-processing components during zebrafish lymphangiogenesis. Nat. Commun. 11, 2724 (2020).
Breslin, J. W. et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C stimulates the lymphatic pump by a VEGF receptor-3-dependent mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293, H709–H718 (2007).
Xu, W., Harris, N. R. & Caron, K. M. Lymphatic vasculature: an emerging therapeutic target and drug delivery route. Annu. Rev. Med. 72, 167–182 (2021).
Cousin, N. et al. Antibody-mediated delivery of VEGF-C promotes long-lasting lymphatic expansion that reduces recurrent inflammation. Cells 12, 172 (2022).
Shimizu, Y. et al. Impact of lymphangiogenesis on cardiac remodeling after ischemia and reperfusion injury. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 7, e009565 (2018).
Leikas, A. J. et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of intramyocardial adenovirus-mediated VEGF-DΔNΔC gene therapy eight-year follow-up of phase I KAT301 study. Gene Ther. 29, 289–293 (2022).
Klotz, L. et al. Cardiac lymphatics are heterogeneous in origin and respond to injury. Nature 522, 62–67 (2015).
Vuorio, T. et al. Downregulation of VEGFR3 signaling alters cardiac lymphatic vessel organization and leads to a higher mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Sci. Rep. 8, 16709 (2018).
Liu, X. et al. Lymphoangiocrine signals promote cardiac growth and repair. Nature 588, 705–711 (2020).
Alexander, A., Herz, J. & Calvier, L. Reelin through the years: from brain development to inflammation. Cell Rep. 42, 112669 (2023).
Keller, T. C. S. et al. Genetic blockade of lymphangiogenesis does not impair cardiac function after myocardial infarction. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e147070 (2021).
O’Brien, A. T., Gil, K. E., Varghese, J., Simonetti, O. P. & Zareba, K. M. T2 mapping in myocardial disease: a comprehensive review. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 24, 33 (2022).
Kannan, S. & Rutkowski, J. M. VEGFR-3 signaling in macrophages: friend or foe in disease? Front. Immunol. 15, 1349500 (2024).
Shang, L. et al. sVEGFR3 alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and immune cell infiltration. Apoptosis 30, 894–911 (2025).
Nykänen, A. I. et al. Targeting lymphatic vessel activation and CCL21 production by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 inhibition has novel immunomodulatory and antiarteriosclerotic effects in cardiac allografts. Circulation 121, 1413–1422 (2010).
Lin, Q., Zhang, Y., Bai, J., Liu, J. & Li, H. VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis protects against pressure-overload induced cardiac dysfunction through regulation of lymphangiogenesis. Clin. Transl. Med. 11, e374 (2021).
Wiig, H. et al. Immune cells control skin lymphatic electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 2803–2815 (2013).
Russell, P. S., Itkin, M., Windsor, J. A. & Phillips, A. R. J. Kidney lymphatics. Compr. Physiol. 13, 4945–4984 (2023).
Goodlett, B. L. et al. A kidney-targeted nanoparticle to augment renal lymphatic density decreases blood pressure in hypertensive mice. Pharmaceutics 14, 84 (2021).
Goodlett, B. L. et al. Genetically inducing renal lymphangiogenesis attenuates hypertension in mice. Clin. Sci. 136, 1759–1772 (2022).
Perin, E. C. et al. Imaging long-term fate of intramyocardially implanted mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine myocardial infarction model. PLoS ONE 6, e22949 (2011).
Jankowska-Steifer, E. et al. Assessing functional status of cardiac lymphatics: from macroscopic imaging to molecular profiling. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2020.06.006 (2020).
Rossitto, G. et al. Reduced lymphatic reserve in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 76, 2817–2829 (2020).
Xu, H. et al. A genome-wide association study of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in African Americans. J. Pers. Med. 8, 11 (2018).
Wild, P. S. et al. Large-scale genome-wide analysis identifies genetic variants associated with cardiac structure and function. J. Clin. Invest. 127, 1798–1812 (2017).
Jackson, D. G. Hyaluronan in the lymphatics: the key role of the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 in leucocyte trafficking. Matrix Biol. 78–79, 219–235 (2019).
Heron, C. et al. Blocking interleukin-1β transiently limits left ventricular dilation and reduces cardiac lymphangiogenesis during pressure-overload in mice. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.01.535056 (2025).
Baluk, P. et al. Transgenic overexpression of interleukin-1β induces persistent lymphangiogenesis but not angiogenesis in mouse airways. Am. J. Pathol. 182, 1434–1447 (2013).
García Nores, G. D. et al. CD4+ T cells are activated in regional lymph nodes and migrate to skin to initiate lymphedema. Nat. Commun. 9, 1970 (2018).
Banerjee, R. et al. Rictor, an mTORC2 protein, regulates murine lymphatic valve formation through the AKT-FOXO1 signaling. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 44, 2004–2023 (2024).
Choi, D. et al. Piezo1-regulated mechanotransduction controls flow-activated lymphatic expansion. Circ. Res. 131, e2–e21 (2022).
Urner, S. et al. Identification of ILK as a critical regulator of VEGFR3 signalling and lymphatic vascular growth. EMBO J. 38, e99322 (2019).
Wong, B. W. et al. The role of fatty acid β-oxidation in lymphangiogenesis. Nature 542, 49–54 (2017).
Meçe, O. et al. Lipid droplet degradation by autophagy connects mitochondria metabolism to Prox1-driven expression of lymphatic genes and lymphangiogenesis. Nat. Commun. 13, 2760 (2022).
Morfoisse, F. et al. Coordinating effect of VEGFC and oleic acid participates to tumor lymphangiogenesis. Cancers 13, 2851 (2021).
Guo, X. et al. Lymphatic endothelial branched-chain amino acid catabolic defects undermine cardiac lymphatic integrity and drive HFpEF. Circulation https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.071741 (2025).
Araki, H., Takeo, S. & Takenaka, F. Effects of experimental coronary ligation on pH and lactate concentration in cardiac lymph. Life Sci. 18, 745–749 (1976).
Björkegren, J. et al. Lipoprotein secretion and triglyceride stores in the heart. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 38511–38517 (2001).
Milasan, A., Smaani, A. & Martel, C. Early rescue of lymphatic function limits atherosclerosis progression in Ldlr-/- mice. Atherosclerosis 283, 106–119 (2019).