Horbinski C, Berger T, Packer RJ, Wen PY. Clinical implications of the 2021 edition of the WHO classification of central nervous system tumours. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18:515–29.
Salvalaggio A, Pini L, Bertoldo A, Corbetta M. Glioblastoma and brain connectivity: the need for a paradigm shift. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:740–8.
Liao C, Liu X, Zhang C, Zhang Q. Tumor hypoxia: from basic knowledge to therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol. 2023;88:172–86.
Yuan X, Ruan W, Bobrow B, Carmeliet P, Eltzschig HK. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2024;23:175–200.
Martins TA, Kaymak D, Tatari N, Gerster F, Hogan S, Ritz MF, et al. Enhancing anti-EGFRvIII CAR T cell therapy against glioblastoma with a paracrine SIRPgamma-derived CD47 blocker. Nat Commun. 2024;15:9718.
Wu R, Sun C, Chen X, Yang R, Luan Y, Zhao X, et al. NSUN5/TET2-directed chromatin-associated RNA modification of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine governs glioma immune evasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2024;121:e2321611121.
Wu H, Liu J, Wang Z, Yuan W, Chen L. Prospects of antibodies targeting CD47 or CD24 in the treatment of glioblastoma. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2021;27:1105–17.
de Oliveira KG, Bang-Rudenstam A, Beyer S, Boukredine A, Talbot H, Governa V, et al. Decoding of the surfaceome and endocytome in primary glioblastoma cells identifies potential target antigens in the hypoxic tumor niche. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2024;12:35.
Wang S, Huang T, Wu Q, Yuan H, Wu X, Yuan F, et al. Lactate reprograms glioblastoma immunity through CBX3-regulated histone lactylation. J Clin Invest. 2024;134:e176851.
Jackson C, Cherry C, Bom S, Dykema AG, Wang R, Thompson E, et al. Distinct myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations in human glioblastoma. Science. 2025;387:eabm5214.
Guo D, Tong Y, Jiang X, Meng Y, Jiang H, Du L, et al. Aerobic glycolysis promotes tumor immune evasion by hexokinase2-mediated phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. Cell Metab. 2022;34:1312–24 e6.
Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science. 2020;367:eaau6977.
He G, Peng X, Wei S, Yang S, Li X, Huang M, et al. Exosomes in the hypoxic TME: from release, uptake and biofunctions to clinical applications. Mol Cancer. 2022;21:19.
Bister N, Pistono C, Huremagic B, Jolkkonen J, Giugno R, Malm T. Hypoxia and extracellular vesicles: a review on methods, vesicular cargo and functions. J Extracell Vesicles. 2020;10:e12002.
Chen XJ, Guo CH, Wang ZC, Yang Y, Pan YH, Liang JY, et al. Hypoxia-induced ZEB1 promotes cervical cancer immune evasion by strengthening the CD47-SIRPalpha axis. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22:15.
Wang S, Wu Q, Chen T, Su R, Pan C, Qian J, et al. Blocking CD47 promotes antitumour immunity through CD103(+) dendritic cell-NK cell axis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. J Hepatol. 2022;77:467–78.
Qian M, Wang S, Guo X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Qiu W, et al. Hypoxic glioma-derived exosomes deliver microRNA-1246 to induce M2 macrophage polarization by targeting TERF2IP via the STAT3 and NF-kappaB pathways. Oncogene. 2020;39:428–42.
Qiu W, Guo X, Li B, Wang J, Qi Y, Chen Z, et al. Exosomal miR-1246 from glioma patient body fluids drives the differentiation and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Mol Ther. 2021;29:3449–64.
Conway JRW, Dinc DD, Follain G, Paavolainen O, Kaivola J, Bostrom P, et al. IGFBP2 secretion by mammary adipocytes limits breast cancer invasion. Sci Adv. 2023;9:eadg1840.
Lu H, Ai J, Zheng Y, Zhou W, Zhang L, Zhu J, et al. IGFBP2/ITGA5 promotes gefitinib resistance via activating STAT3/CXCL1 axis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15:447.
Wen Z, Sun H, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Zheng S, Bin J, et al. High baseline tumor burden-associated macrophages promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment and reduce the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors through the IGFBP2-STAT3-PD-L1 pathway. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2023;43:562–81.
Li T, Zhang C, Zhao G, Zhang X, Hao M, Hassan S, et al. IGFBP2 regulates PD-L1 expression by activating the EGFR-STAT3 signaling pathway in malignant melanoma. Cancer Lett. 2020;477:19–30.
Gross JC, Chaudhary V, Bartscherer K, Boutros M. Active Wnt proteins are secreted on exosomes. Nat Cell Biol. 2012;14:1036–45.
Wang X, Huang H, Sze KM, Wang J, Tian L, Lu J, et al. S100A10 promotes HCC development and progression via transfer in extracellular vesicles and regulating their protein cargos. Gut. 2023;72:1370–84.
Lima LG, Ham S, Shin H, Chai EPZ, Lek ESH, Lobb RJ, et al. Tumor microenvironmental cytokines bound to cancer exosomes determine uptake by cytokine receptor-expressing cells and biodistribution. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3543.
Neftel C, Laffy J, Filbin MG, Hara T, Shore ME, Rahme GJ, et al. An Integrative Model of Cellular States, Plasticity, and Genetics for Glioblastoma. Cell. 2019;178:835–49 e21.
Kamimoto K, Stringa B, Hoffmann CM, Jindal K, Solnica-Krezel L, Morris SA. Dissecting cell identity via network inference and in silico gene perturbation. Nature. 2023;614:742–51.
Lah TT, Novak M, Breznik B. Brain malignancies: glioblastoma and brain metastases. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020;60:262–73.
Wang X, Han M, Wang S, Sun Y, Zhao W, Xue Z, et al. Targeting the splicing factor NONO inhibits GBM progression through GPX1 intron retention. Theranostics. 2022;12:5451–69.
Bjerkvig R, Laerum OD, Mella O. Glioma cell interactions with fetal rat brain aggregates in vitro and with brain tissue in vivo. Cancer Res. 1986;46:4071–9.
Song L, Tang S, Han X, Jiang Z, Dong L, Liu C, et al. KIBRA controls exosome secretion via inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of Rab27a. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1639.
Holmes KM, Annala M, Chua CY, Dunlap SM, Liu Y, Hugen N, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2-driven glioma progression is prevented by blocking a clinically significant integrin, integrin-linked kinase, and NF-kappaB network. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:3475–80.
Liu Y, Li F, Yang YT, Xu XD, Chen JS, Chen TL, et al. IGFBP2 promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation via regulating CD144 and MMP2 expression in glioma. Oncogene. 2019;38:1815–31.
Jin X, Deng Q, Ye S, Liu S, Fu Y, Liu Y, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived periostin promotes papillary thyroid tumor growth through integrin-FAK-STAT3 signaling. Theranostics. 2024;14:3014–28.
Lu J, Li J, Lin Z, Li H, Lou L, Ding W, et al. Reprogramming of TAMs via the STAT3/CD47-SIRPalpha axis promotes acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2023;564:216205.
Xi L, Peng M, Liu S, Liu Y, Wan X, Hou Y, et al. Hypoxia-stimulated ATM activation regulates autophagy-associated exosome release from cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote cancer cell invasion. J Extracell Vesicles. 2021;10:e12146.
Wang X, Wu R, Zhai P, Liu Z, Xia R, Zhang Z, et al. Hypoxia promotes EV secretion by impairing lysosomal homeostasis in HNSCC through negative regulation of ATP6V1A by HIF-1alpha. J Extracell Vesicles. 2023;12:e12310.
Liao W, Chen G, Song L, Xu M, Li H, Wang Y, et al. Temperature regulates Rab3a and mast cell-derived exosomal FcepsilonRI to inhibit mast cell activation. Allergy. 2023;78:1707–10.
Martinez-Arroyo O, Flores-Chova A, Sanchez-Garcia B, Redon J, Cortes R, Ortega A. Rab3A/Rab27A system silencing ameliorates high glucose-induced injury in podocytes. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:690.
Prasai B, Haber GJ, Strub MP, Ahn R, Ciemniecki JA, Sochacki KA, et al. The nanoscale molecular morphology of docked exocytic dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3970.
Jiang N, Xie B, Xiao W, Fan M, Xu S, Duan Y, et al. Fatty acid oxidation fuels glioblastoma radioresistance with CD47-mediated immune evasion. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1511.
Du L, Su Z, Wang S, Meng Y, Xiao F, Xu D, et al. EGFR-induced and c-Src-mediated CD47 phosphorylation inhibits TRIM21-dependent polyubiquitylation and degradation of CD47 to promote tumor immune evasion. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10:e2206380.
Shekarian T, Zinner CP, Bartoszek EM, Duchemin W, Wachnowicz AT, Hogan S, et al. Immunotherapy of glioblastoma explants induces interferon-gamma responses and spatial immune cell rearrangements in tumor center, but not periphery. Sci Adv. 2022;8:eabn9440.
Kalluri R. The biology and function of extracellular vesicles in immune response and immunity. Immunity. 2024;57:1752–68.
Zhang DX, Dang XTT, Vu LT, Lim CMH, Yeo EYM, Lam BWS, et al. alphavbeta1 integrin is enriched in extracellular vesicles of metastatic breast cancer cells: a mechanism mediated by galectin-3. J Extracell Vesicles. 2022;11:e12234.
Eladl E, Tremblay-LeMay R, Rastgoo N, Musani R, Chen W, Liu A, et al. Role of CD47 in hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13:96.
Russ A, Hua AB, Montfort WR, Rahman B, Riaz IB, Khalid MU, et al. Blocking “don’t eat me” signal of CD47-SIRPalpha in hematological malignancies, an in-depth review. Blood Rev. 2018;32:480–9.